Psychoanalytic Approach to Sir Gawain and the Green Knight :: Sir Gawain Green Knight Essays

Its easy to associate Sir Gawain and the commonality gymnastic horse with one of Jungs archetypal motif patterns the hero and the quest. Through lots of difficulties or challenges, Sir Gawain reaches the higher ground of knighthood, and also proves himself worthy of a courtly masculine identity. It still seems quite daring and risky to apply psychoanalytic approach into the text itself, especially it comes with the Oedipus complex. But if we put Freuds three psychic zones and Sir Gawains conflict together, or related his fear of castration with his fear of being beheaded, the applying of psychoanalytic approach is acceptable. Within the connections mentioned above, we can see how the fuss figures function and how a knights masculinity is maintain by abstaining from sexual desire in medieval period. Sir Gawain is similar to any other hero we see in mythology, who is predisposed to response any obstacles coming upon them, and is thus getting mature twain physically and mentally. So the process of being a real knight is similar to the process of being a real man in FreudStheory of nestling development. A boy in the process of being a man will confront a threat of being castrated by his father for to engaging in sexual relation with his Mother. Submitting to the reality principal, the boy hold ines his incestuous desire, identifies with his father, and is led to the manhood. One of the father figures within this text obviously is the Green Knight, who appears as the authority of the nature power to test Sir Gawains ability in masculinity and ability in abstaining from sexual temptation. Before the Green Knight is qualified to test Sir Gawain, he must prove that he is more a man than Sir Gawain. If we assume that being beheaded here is the another year of castration. That he lets his head hop off by Gawain first is the showing of his superiority in masculinity. After Green Knights head is cut off, he seized this splendid head and straightway lifted it. Fr om the passage, we see he is not less a man, and is never afraid of being castrated by his son, which reinforces the Green Knights father figure. Since the Green Knight, a father authority is under the disguise of Bertilak, we can assume that his mistress becomes the mother figure. plot of ground the Green Knight is out there hunting, Sir Gawain has to decide whether to put aside his fear of castration and give in the sexual seduction or to repress his own desire.

Sophie Treadwell and the Centaur of the North :: Sophie Treadwell Essays

Sophie Treadwell and the Centaur of the North In August 1921, an extraordinary meeting took place between two real different race which would result in a brief and unlikely friendship. For four days at an isolated and picturesque ranch called Canutillo near Rosario in northern Mexico, the ill-famed Mexican revolutionary leader Francisco Pancho Villa played host to an intrepid American newspaper correspondent and playwright named Sophie Treadwell. The resulting article that ran on the front page of the innovative York Tribune on Sunday, August 28, 1921 entitled A Visit to Villa, A Bad Man Not So Bad earned Treadwell international notoriety. Recognized for her expertness on the people and politics of Mexico, she would go on to write a series of articles on the topic of Mexican personal matters. At that time Mexico was still reeling from a bloody Revolution that saw the ousting of the progressive but tyrannical regime of Porfirio Diaz and three more successive regimes. Tread wells sympathetic treatment of Mexican affairs allowed her to access people and information that were unavailable to most. As a result, Sophie Treadwell brought to her readership enhanced understanding of important people and events in Mexico most notably that of Francisco Villa. That an American cleaning lady received so much respect and was able to accomplish so much in a country which at the time was generally balky of Americans as well as totally male dominated attests to the ambitiousness and cultural sensitivity of this noteworthy writer of fact and fiction. Born October 3, 1885 in Stockton California, Sophie Anita Treadwells rootage was a mixture of Mexican, English, German, and Scot. The daughter of a judge, she described herself as a Californian, a mixture of the old 49er and the original Mexican(Wynn 1). Her family life was marred by the marked absence of her father, of whom she said The first thing I remember of my father is that he wasnt there (Wynn 4). Despite this, it was her father, a theater fan, who introduced Sophie to the theater. Though she would until very recently remain an under-appreciated and unknown playwright, the theater was to become the main focus of her endeavor for much of her life. Upon her graduation from high school in 1901, Treadwell intended to tag a career in stage acting.

15% Tax Across The Board Essay -- essays research papers

15% Tax Across the Board     Money, I bet I have your vigilance at one time? Hard operative Americans atomic number 18 consistently held down due to taxes. There are many unnecessary taxes that are taken from each single(a) every(prenominal) single form. The 15% sales tax concept eliminates the frustration and confusion of the different kinds of taxes, and creates more money for the federal official government. This concept has been overlooked year after year since its conception. This is a 15% sales tax a tax that takes 15% of all goods sold and gives it to our government. Be aware of the fact that it is now 7.75% a lot of you may say, "7.75% is way too much already". The answer to that question is no, no it is not. That 15% sales tax goes directly to the federal government eliminating all income tax in ones payroll check. Imagine seeing your paycheck without taxes taken out of it. It seems almost unimaginable to me now we can imagine it.  &n bsp   What does every employee constantly complain about every single paid day? What is one of the main topics that the presidential candidates stressed while campaigning? How come battalion like drug dealers get a big advantage in this world when it comes to pay taxes? And again, what consistently holds down the hard working American? I have found a way to answer all those questions? This concept has actually found a way to tax everybody, not just the working ones. This concept also makes it fair and economical to our federal government, not just the individual taxpayer. Under the implementation of this concept an individual could cope with a paycheck and have virtually no taxes taken from it. This 15% sales tax eliminates confusion, taxes everybody, and organizes the government in a way that has never been done.     Eliminating the confusion of distributing all of the taxes passim the country would be in our governments vital interest. Every two weeks I will go through the exact same ritual, I will receive my paycheck and furiously tare it open to see how much money I will be able to lose in the next two weeks. Im always blessed with a beautiful number at the top that is very fair and deserving for the hard work that I do on the weekly basis. Then I always see a whole bunch of abbreviations, different dollar amounts, then the number at the bottom that always seems to depr... ...s many government jobs. These jobs will be eliminated because at that place wont be so many different branches to our government. We will now only need a divide few to watch over the money, rather than having the whole chain of command for each and every department. Organization and efficiency in our government is key, and the less there is to worry about the better.     While this concept is a good one, its not absolutely flawless. There are many wrinkles that indeed need to be ironed out. However, is a good starting block and something that could potentially change the country and how it operates? Whether this plan should actually be utilized or not, is not the question. The question is, what is compound with it, and how does a benefit our country? While I have talked about social security, it is not quite know exactly how that would be funded. Big businesses are another concern in this concept. How will big businesses be taxed under the implementation of this plan? The main objective to this plan still stands tall it eliminates confusion, taxes everybody, and creates an nonionised government that we could all be proud of.      

Life as a White Man in The Autobiography of An Ex-Colored Man :: Biography Biographies Essays

Life as a White Man in The Autobiography of An Ex-Colored Man...the effect is a tendency toward lighter complexions, especially among the more active elements in the race. Some might claim that this is a tacit admission of colored people among themselves of their own inferiority judged by the color line. I do not think so. What I have termed an inconsistency is, after all, most natural it is, in fact, a tendency in accordance with what might be called an stinting necessity. So far as racial differences go, the United States puts a greater premium on color, or better, lack of color, than upon anything else in the world. --the protagonist (page 72)James Weldon Johnsons first-person narrator in his fictional account, The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man, forwards a cynical, if not Darwinian, point-of-view about skin color. He claims it is most natural for black people to procreate with those who are lighter skinned. And he coolly excuses this supposedly common practice as pure econom ic necessity. The Black Nationalist must protest this fatalism. The Marxist simply chalks another one up for his side. What about the humanist? What is he or she to throw away of such(prenominal) unreasonable and callous tactics used to pursue the American Dream? The sympathetic humanist might bristle at first, but would eventually concur. For its to a great extent to argue with poverty. At the time the novel was published (1912), America held very few opportunities for the Negro population. Some of the more successful black men, men with money and street savvy, were often porters for the railroads. In other words the best a young black man might hope for was a position religious service whites on trains. Our protagonist--while not adverse to hard work, as evidenced by his cigar rolling apprenticeship in Jacksonville--is an artist and a scholar. His ambitions are immense considering the situation. And thanks to his reasonably skinned complexion, he is able to realize many, if no t all, of them. There is some evidence that connects our protagonists line of thinking with his upbringing. Our protagonists mother tells him, The best blood of the South is in you, (page 8) when the child asks whom his father is. Clearly, his mother was proud of (and perhaps still in love with) this genteel white man who gave her a son. So his bold pronouncements make much sense in light of his own condition.

Organisational Structure and Culture of the Oceans 11 Team Essay

Organisational Structure and Culture of the navals 11 Team1.0 Executive SummaryThe Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)1 wished to review how theOceans 11 aggroup was formed and discuss by putting a managementdevelopment programme together, the organisational behavioural aspectsof the group. A vast come in of research was conducted in order to puttogether the management development programme together to show otherorganisations how to prevent problems within their group and suspendissues that will be mentioned in this programme.The main objectives of this report are to research and analyse whatmotivates a group or team in order to complete successfully andcohesively. To look at the leadership of a group and the differentroles they play in terms of power they may hold, which leads ontoconflict that may come in and could cause problems within theorganisation. This will also incorporate the strategy the leader, ifelected, uses in order to control and influence its organisations. Inaddition to the above, to investigate the communication skills of agroup and how signifi goatt the experience of its members is, whilstlooking at the attitudes present amongst them. The report will alsoexamine the individual differences and perceptions of a team/group andsees how they can conjure an aim and how to achieve it. This willinvolve looking into the organisational structure and culture of theOceans 11 team.All the above will use associated theories and models to analyse howthe team was formed and backed up with relevant references.2.0 Introduction-----------------This report intends to look at how our managerial developmentprogramme reflects groups and organisations and its concern with theimprovement of the quality ... ...), Organisational doings Individuals, Groups, and the organisation, London, Pearson Education20 Brooks, Ian (1999), Organisational behavior Individuals, Groups, and the organisation, London, Pearson Education21 Brooks, Ian (1999), Organisati onal Behaviour Individuals, Groups, and the organisation, London, Pearson Education22 Brooks, Ian (1999), Organisational Behaviour Individuals, Groups, and the organisation, London, Pearson Education23 Brooks, Ian (1999), Organisational Behaviour Individuals, Groups, and the organisation, London, Pearson Education24 Learning to Work in Groups - Matthew B. Miles25 http//www.google.com26 Brooks, Ian (1999), Organisational Behaviour Individuals, Groups, and the organisation, London, Pearson Education27 Organisational Behaviour Lectures28 Oceans 11 Case Study

Dulce et Decorum Est Essay -- English Literature

Dulce et Decorum Est contrasts intensely with the poems mentioned. Poems such as Fall In, The devil Mothers, Whos for the Game? and Recruting whole have one motive, they are created to encourage hatful to enrol in the armed forces.Dulce et Decorum Est contrasts intensely with the poems mentioned.Poems such as Fall In, The Two Mothers, Whos for the Game? andRecruting only have one motive, they are created to encourage peopleto enrol in the armed forces. Whereas Owen wrote Dulce et Decorum Est in order to inform people about the terror, anguish and tormentwhich was experienced during the war. The recruiting poems make thewar seem like a game and that you would be missing out on a bigopportunity if u dont go, when really you would be better off safe athomeVerse OneVerse one describes how the passs are returning to base camp. Owenuses a slow halting rhythm to suggest how much pain and misery thesoldiers are encountering and to imitate how slow are walking. He doesthis by using punct uation. Verse one tells us a lot about thecondition, both physically and mentally, of the men and it gives us anidea of the appalling conditions He portrays this by his use ofsimiles, metaphors and vocabulary. He uses similes such as, Bentdouble, like hags this simile illustrates how many of the men fallill Owen also uses metaphors such as, Drunk with drudge, todisplay how tired the infantrymen are, this metaphor leads us tobelieve that the men are so tired that they are unaware what ishappening around them The poets choice of vocabulary in verse one isvery effective in communicating the message of fatigue. He uses wordssuch as sludge, trudge, and haunting to describe the ... ...My friend, youwould not tell with such high zest, To children ardent for somedesperate glory, The old Lie Dulce et decorum est Pro patria mori.This verse is directed at the authority figures In the Charge of theLight Brigade onomatoepia is used to communicate the bravery of thesoldiers and to recreate the sounds on the battlefield, thunderdand stormed at by shot and shell. Owen uses onomatoepia to describethe death of the soldier in the last verse, Gargling fromfroth-corrupted lungs.My favourite out of the two poems has to be Wilfred Owens, Dulce etDecorum Est, mainly because it is more realistic about what I wouldhave imagined the war to be like It is the more emotional poem of thetwo as it is filled with the writers own thoughts, fears andfeelings. I think it is a wonderful piece of work and enjoyed studyingit in depth

Dulce et Decorum Est Essay -- English Literature

Dulce et Decorum Est contrasts intensely with the poems mentioned. Poems such as Fall In, The Two Mothers, Whos for the Game? and Recruting only have one motive, they are created to advocate people to encrypt in the armed forces.Dulce et Decorum Est contrasts intensely with the poems mentioned.Poems such as Fall In, The Two Mothers, Whos for the Game? andRecruting only have one motive, they are created to encourage peopleto enrol in the armed forces. Whereas Owen wrote Dulce et Decorum Est in order to inform people about the terror, anguish and tormentwhich was experienced during the warfare. The recruiting poems make thewar seem comparable a game and that you would be missing out on a bigopportunity if u dont go, when really you would be let out off safe athomeVerse OneVerse one describes how the soldiers are returning to base camp. Owenuses a slow halting round to suggest how much pain and misery thesoldiers are encountering and to imitate how slow are walking. He doesthis by using punctuation. Verse one tells us a lot about thecondition, both physically and mentally, of the men and it gives us anidea of the appalling conditions He portrays this by his use ofsimiles, metaphors and vocabulary. He uses similes such as, Bentdouble, like hags this simile illustrates how many of the men fallill Owen also uses metaphors such as, Drunk with fatigue, todisplay how tired the infantrymen are, this metaphor leads us tobelieve that the men are so tired that they are unaware what ishappening around them The poets choice of vocabulary in verse one isvery effective in communicating the message of fatigue. He uses wordssuch as sludge, trudge, and haunting to describe the ... ...My friend, youwould not tell with such high zest, To children ardent for some fearful glory, The old Lie Dulce et decorum est Pro patria mori.This verse is directed at the authority figures In the Charge of theLight Brigade onomatoepia is used to communicate the heroism of thesoldiers and to r ecreate the sounds on the battlefield, thunderdand stormed at by shot and shell. Owen uses onomatoepia to describethe death of the soldier in the last verse, Gargling fromfroth-corrupted lungs.My favourite out of the two poems has to be Wilfred Owens, Dulce etDecorum Est, mainly because it is more realistic about what I wouldhave imagined the war to be like It is the more emotional poem of thetwo as it is filled with the writers own thoughts, fears andfeelings. I think it is a wonderful piece of work and enjoyed studyingit in depth

High School and Girls Education Unit Essay

1. INTRODUCTIONS surfaceh Africa has a proud-cost, low-performance raising system that does non compargon favorably with commandment systems in other African countries, or in similar developing economies. There is a multitude of well-publicised problems, including a paucity of teachers, under qualified teachers and poor teacher performance. In the classroom, this results in poor apprentice standards and results, a lack of classroom discipline and is exacerbated by insufficient resources and pitiable infrastructure. On a government level, difficulties make up been caused by a failure of appropriate inspection and monitoring, and confusion caused by changing curricula without proper communication and training. all(prenominal) this has lead to massive demoralisation and disillusionment among teachers and a negative and worsening perception of the teaching profession. Majority of learners in South Africa are bi- or multi-lingual, and attends inculcate in a langu ripen that is n ot their first language.2. INEQUALITIES FACING EDUCATION IN SOUTH AFRICA2.1 Educational inequalities amongst shamefulsAmongst grims, disciplineal ine graphic symbol largely follows the lines of income more self-feeder Households are violate able to underpin their children through take aim, implying increasing stratification within black society. Children from the top two black deciles progress Considerably better through the school system than their poorer counterparts and only at age15 start falling behind whites. Private resources were a major factor determining differential black educational outcomes under apartheid. Pupils in Better-off Black households do better in their education, and we find no parallel for Whites. That the education of Blacks but not Whites is constrained by financial resources is further supported by the fact that many Blacks who are not in school (but not Whites). Furthermore, greater recent access to erst white schools for more affluent blacks may have accentuated qualitative educational differentials amongst blacks.Data from the 1996 census show mean earnings of full-time employed black workers for whom the educational level of a parent is known, children of the item of household still resident in the household to be substantially higher where the household head has at least matriculated. But is this perhaps solely due to more educated parents having more educated11 children, to differential attainment. In some way the better education of the parent translates into higher earnings for children point Compared to other new-fangled workers who also have matriculated, but where the parent had less education. However, it is not clear whether this measures the quality of education, or some other non-observed aspect of human capital transmitted from parents to children. Such premier does decline, though, to about 9% in cases where the children have graduated.2.2 CHALLENGES FACING FEMALESOver the old age misss education has be en given a high level of priority at the highest level. It has been boosted by initiatives, such as free education for girls, Presidents say-so for Girls Education, just to name but a few. However, despite all these incentives, girls education in the country is still faced with a series of challenges. The challenges facing girls education include ahead of time marriages teenage pregnancy poverty peer pressure low adult literacyAs a result of these factors, it has puzzle very difficult to retain the girl-student in school, especially in the rural areas. Our stand here is that girls must be allowed to finish their education to the highest level, before marrying them off. Parents should be encouraged to desist from such practices as its not in the interest of the girl child, female students must also be serious and do away with engaging with men until they complete their schooling. The most common saying among the local people, especially at the provincial areas, is that girls educa tion is not important this mentality must be changed and people must understand that education is the key to development.The performance of girls in schools concerning because it is disheartening to know that despite many opportunities available to them, the performance of girls in school is not the least impressive. Something urgent must be done sooner rather than later, quality must not be compromised in our education system.The Ministry of Basic and Secondary Education had set up girls education unit and introduced lots of initiatives towards addressing these challenges. Principal, among the initiatives, was the Sponsorship Trust Fund for Girls which was launched in 1999, to support the enrolment, retention and performance of girls in Upper Basic and Senior Secondary Schools in the Upper and Central River Regions.2.3 Quality differentials in educationOne should not forget, though, that the quality of education still varies considerably. This is again not unique to South Africa. In some Latin American countries, the poor receive an inferior quality of schooling, with the result that individuals from the lower deciles receive a main(a) education whose quality is 35 percent lower than that. Although the old dividing lines of race have blurred in education, with many black pupils now attending formerly white schools, shows that most black pupils were still in schools which were predominantly black.About 5% of the pupils in in the main white schools were black, whilst in mixed schools 40% were black, but in that location is great quality diversity in mainly black schools, and as a group most formerly black schools still perform much worse than white schools, as reflected in matric pass rates. Judging by the high matriculation failure rates, lenient promotion policies in black schools may cause educational attainment at levels below matriculation to give an sublime impression of educational standards reached, as reflected in cognitive levels mastered.3. CHA LLENGES FACING PRIMARY SCHOOLSSouth Africa spends a bigger share of its gross domestic product on education than any other country in Africa. Primary schooling is compulsory for children aged 7 to 15 while an integrated approach to early childhood development aims to give all children between birth and school-going age the best start in life. A No-Fee Schools policy has abolished school fees in the poorest primary schools across the country, helping to attract poor, orphaned, disabled and vulnerable children to school, yet performance levels are lower than in many other countries in the region. High levels of school attendance, gender parity in both primary and secondary education and pro-poor school policies are achievements that contrast with the poor quality of education.Many children experience a broken journey through school, interrupted by irregular attendance, absent teachers, teenage pregnancy and school-related abuse and violence. Most public schools do not have running wat er some do not have libraries and computers. There is limited provision for preschool and special education, the Department of Basic Education has devised strategies to improve learner achievements by 2014. One of these is the Annual National Assessment, intended to provide regular and credible data on learner achievement and inform decision reservation in the education system. The assessment in 2011 involved numeracy and literacy tests among six million foundation phase which is grade 1 to 3 and intermediate phase grades (4 to 6) learners at government schools. The findings revealed that the quality of teaching is poor, leading to low performance.The percentage of learners reaching a partially achieved level of performance varied from 30 per cent to 47 per cent, depending on the grade and subject considered. Those attaining the achieved level of performance varied from 12 per cent to 31 per cent. UNICEF supports government capacity to improve programme planning and results-based c harge while implementing innovative interventions to improve the quality of teaching and learning in schools. UNICEF also works to strengthen gender-sensitive life skills-based education for adolescent girls and boys in and out of school, with a focus on the prevention of gender-based violence, HIV and teenage pregnancy. The programme also pays particular attention to early childhood and the development of strategies for childrens fair participation in quality ECD services.4. SOCIAL FACTORS AFFECTING EDUCATIONThe biggest factor is parents, if parents place a high value on education and help their children do well and encourage them to push themselves and learn then it does not really matter how wealthy the neighborhood is. A school rigid in a lower income area will most likely have lower test scores than a school located in upper-middle class area also our media as a whole in this country is among the factors does not really encourage higher education or even being smart as values. Even in movies where characters go to college, it is portrayed as a place to party, not to learn. Good parenting in early age of any child, like trying to get them early, and recognition of pictures of dogs, cats, pigs or other animals. Books at home are invaluable to further their education, early reading evermore enhances a childs ability to grasp opportunities to progressing a fuller understanding of a subject. Parents who include their children in discussions and opinions are fitting them for communication with others at an early stage.5. ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING EDUCATIONMoney can be a factor in access to educational opportunities. In a sodding(a) world, the amount of money in your bank account would have nothing to do with the quality of education to which you have access. But of course, this is not a pure(a) world. Truth is, despite various different initiatives to create more and better educational opportunities for the financially strapped, there remain many economic f actors related to education on all levels.5.1 PUBLIC SCHOOL DISTRICTS AND HOUSINGThe best public schools are often located in the most expensive districts for homebuyers. When you are a child, you think all schools are the same and where you live has nothing to do with the quality of education you will receive. That is not the case, and it is the reason why many homebuyers and young families in the housing market say their number one priority is finding a home in a good school district. With so many families looking for good public schooling, the best districts are also often the priciest.6. CONCLUSIONDespite the lasting influence of apartheid, educational access is no longer a major problem in South Africa, as more than 90% of children of all race groups remain at school until attaining matric or reaching age 16. The racial gaps in educational attainment (years of education completed) have also been substantially reduced over the past decades. However, there are severe problems wit h the quality of education of a large part of the South African school system, as reflected in cognitive tests of numeracy and literacy and also shown by matriculation results.The deficient performance of particularly mainly black schools is a source of concern, as this shows that reduced earnings inequality may well be more difficult than rising educational attainment at lower school levels would indicate. Only limited scope remains for additional resource outlays to indemnification this malfunctioning of the major part of the school system. Moreover, the evidence shows that more resources is not the solution to bad educational performance, as some of the worst performing schools are well-resourced, whilst some schools perform excellently with limited resources.7. REFERENCEBellew, R. & King, E.M. promoting girls and womens education lessons from the past.Case, Anne & Deaton, Angus. 1999. School inputs and educational outcomes in South Africa. Quarterly Journal of Economics 114(3) 1047-1084WEB http//www.google.comWEB http//mg.co.za/ bind/2012-07-29,world bank education the only way to reverse inequality in SA

Ways to Learn Speak English

Ways to Learn Speak English We can speak English self-assured if we native language is another than English, because we live in a homogeneous country, where the diversity of races abound, thereby dialect, ways of thinking, aliment and acting, but in this country the prevalent language is English, spoken polar accents, so if we arent native north American there are several ways to learn speak English, for example, the practicing, living with other people who speak native English, learn and study English sentences, and watching television.We can practice the language listening our favorite music in English, so we can elate a song several time, playing attention and repeating again and again singing the melody to memory, what matters is that you try to necessitate the words, sing it loud and rhythm, on YouTube you can find your favorite song with lyrics in English, this will facilitate our pronunciation.When we live with native English speaks, we have the hazard to repeat the wor d that we do not understand or find another way to explain what we want to communicate, this do not happen when we hear music, so we have the opportunity to enrich both our accent and our vocabulary finding synonyms o different words for same meaning, reproduce and repeating. Additionally, if we know different words we can make sentences.This will help that must practice with our friends native English speaking these phrases every day, so when we come to know several(prenominal)(prenominal) sentences almost that we could speak English fluently. Finally, we can learn speak English comfortably when we watch a favorite movie, so we Liliana2 have the opportunity to suffer attention to intonation and return the movie and repeat a phrase or complete sentences, this is a wonderful idea, we can also choose some favorite series and try to listen understand and then, try to tell the story in our own words.In conclusion, the reliability in the English language is maturement as it is practi ced, in some schools use technological advances to develop the English language and it accent, but practice certainly plays an important fact in the development, so find our own technique in which we feel most comfortable and practice away.

Twilight 4. INVITATIONS

4. INVITATIONSIn my dream it was genuinely dark, and what dim light there was seemed to be radiating from Edwards s put to give outherter. I couldnt see his face, just his back as he walked outside(a) from me, leaving me in the pitch-blackness. No matter how fast I ran, I couldnt catch up to him no matter how loud I c tout ensemble(a) in alled, he never moody. Troubled, I woke in the middle of the night and couldnt sleep again for what seemed like a very long time. After that, he was in my dreams nearly every night, but incessantly on the periphery, never within reach.The month that fol unhopefuled the accident was uneasy, tense, and, at first, embarrassing.To my dismay, I found myself the center of attention for the rest of that week. Tyler Crowley was impossible, following me around, obsessed with making amends to me somewhathow. I tried to convince him what I motiveed more than whateverthing else was for him to entomb all about it especially since nothing had actuall y happened to me but he remained insistent. He followed me between classes and sit at our now-crowded lunch table. Mike and Eric were even less(prenominal) friendly toward him than they were to each other, which made me worry that Id gained another unwelcome fan.No ane seemed concerned about Edward, though I explained over and over that he was the hero how he had pulled me out of the way and had nearly been crushed, similarly. I tried to be convincing. Jessica, Mike, Eric, and everyone else always commented that they hadnt even seen him there till the sore wave was pulled away.I wondered to myself wherefore no one else had seen him standing so far away, before he was suddenly, impossibly saving my life. With chagrin, I realized the probable cause no one else was as aware of Edward as I always was. No one else beed him the way I did. How pitiful.Edward was never surrounded by crowds of curious bystanders eager for his at first progress account. People avoided him as usual . The Cullens and the Hales sat at the aforementioned(prenominal) table as always, not eating, verbalizeing only among themselves. None of them, especially Edward, glanced my way anymore.When he sat next to me in class, as far from me as the table would allow, he seemed totally unaware of my presence. Only now and then, when his fists would suddenly ball up skin stretched even whiter over the bones did I wonder if he wasnt quite as oblivious as he appeared.He wished he hadnt pulled me from the path of Tylers van there was no other conclusion I could come to.I wanted very much to talk to him, and the day after the accident I tried. The last time Id seen him, outside the ER, wed both been so furious. I still was angry that he wouldnt trust me with the truth, even though I was keeping my interpreter of the bargain flawlessly. simply he had in fact saved my life, no matter how hed done it. And, overnight, the genus Oestrus of my anger faded into awed gratitude.He was already sea ted when I got to Biology, emotional stateing straight a top. I sat overthrow, expecting him to turn toward me. He showed no sign that he realized I was there.Hello, Edward, I utter pleasantly, to show him I was personnel casualty to be wipe out myself.He turn his head a fraction toward me without meeting my gaze, nodded once, and then regarded the other way.And that was the last contact Id had with him, though he was there, a foot away from me, every day. I watched him sometimes, unable to stop myself- from a distance, though, in the cafeteria or parking lot. I watched as his sumptuous eyes grew perceptibly darker day by day. But in class I gave no more notice that he existed than he showed toward me. Iwas miserable. And the dreams continued. contempt my outright lies, the tenor of my e-mails alerted Ren?e to my depression, and she called a few times, worried. I tried to convince her it was just the weather that had me down.Mike, at least, was pleased by the obvious zest be tween me and my lab partner. I could see hed been worried that Edwards daring rescue might have impressed me, and he was relieved that it seemed to have the opposite effect. He grew more confident, sitting on the edge of my table to talk before Biology class started, ignoring Edward as completely as he ignored us.The vitamin C washed away for good after that one dangerously icy day. Mike was disappointed hed never gotten to stage his snowball fight, but pleased that the bank trip would soon be possible. The rain continued heavily, though, and the weeks passed.Jessica made me aware of another event looming on the horizon she called the first Tuesday of March to posit my allowance to invite Mike to the girls choice run dance in two weeks.Are you sure you dont psyche you werent intend to ask him? she persisted when I told her I didnt mind in the least.No, Jess, Im not going, I assured her. Dancing was glaringly outside my range of abilities.It will be really fun. Her attempt to convince me was halfhearted. I suspect that Jessica enjoyed my inexplicable popularity more than my actual company.You have fun with Mike, I encouraged.The next day, I was surprised that Jessica wasnt her usual gushing self in Trig and Spanish. She was motionless as she walked by my side between classes, and I was afraid(predicate) to ask her why. If Mike had turned her down, I was the last person she would want to check.My fears were strengthened during lunch when Jessica sat as far from Mike as possible, chatting animatedly with Eric. Mike was unusually quiet.Mike was still quiet as he walked me to class, the uncomfortable forecast on his face a bad sign. But he didnt broach the subject until I was in my seat and he was perched on my desk. As always, I was electrically aware of Edward sitting close enough to touch, as distant as if he were merely an invention of my imagination.So, Mike tell, looking at the floor, Jessica asked me to the spring dance.Thats great. I made my fa thom bright and enthusiastic. Youll have a lot of fun with Jessica.Well He floundered as he examined my smile, clearly not smart with my response. I told her I had to prize about it.Why would you do that? I let disapproval color my tone, though I was relieved he hadnt given(p) her an absolute no.His face was bright red as he looked down again. Pity shook my resolve.I was wondering if well, if you might be planning to ask me.I paused for a moment, hating the wave of guilt that swept through me. But I saw, from the corner of my eye, Edwards head tilt reflexively in my direction.Mike, I think you should tell her yes, I said.Did you already ask individual? Did Edward notice how Mikes eyes flickered in his direction?No, I assured him. Im not going to the dance at all.Why not? Mike demanded.I didnt want to get into the safety hazards that dancing presented, so I quickly made new plans.Im going to Seattle that Saturday, I explained. I postulate to get out of town anyway it was sudden ly the perfect time to go.Cant you go some other weekend?Sorry, no, I said. So you shouldnt make Jess wait any longer its rude.Yeah, youre right, he mumbled, and turned, dejected, to walk back to his seat. I closed my eyes and pressed my fingers to my temples, trying to push the guilt and beneficence out of my head. Mr. Banner began talking. I sighed and opened my eyes.And Edward was staring at me curiously, that same, familiar edge of frustration even more distinct now in his black eyes.I stared back, surprised, expecting him to look quickly away. But instead he continued to gaze with probing intensity into my eyes. There was no question of me looking away. My hold started to shake.Mr. Cullen? the teacher called, seeking the answer to a question that I hadnt heard.The Krebs Cycle, Edward answered, seeming reluctant as he turned to look at Mr. Banner.I looked down at my book as soon as his eyes released me, trying to find my place. Cowardly as ever, I shifted my hair over my righ t berm to hide my face. I couldnt believe the rush of emotion pulsing through me just because hed happened to look at me for the first time in a half-dozen weeks. I couldnt allow him to have this level of influence over me. It was pathetic. More than pathetic, it was unhealthy.I tried very hard not to be aware of him for the rest of the hour, and, since that was impossible, at least not to let him know that I was aware of him. When the bell rang at last, I turned my back to him to gather my things, expecting him to leave immediately as usual.Bella? His verbalise shouldnt have been so familiar to me, as if Id known the sound of it all my life rather than for just a few short weeks.I turned slowly, unwillingly. I didnt want to feel what I knew I would feel when I looked at his too-perfect face. My feeling was wary when I finally turned to him his expression was unreadable. He didnt say anything.What? Are you speaking to me again? I finally asked, an unintentional note of petulance in my voice.His lips twitched, fighting a smile. No, not really, he admitted.I closed my eyes and inhaled slowly through my nose, aware that I was gritting my teeth. He waited.Then what do you want, Edward? I asked, keeping my eyes closed it was easier to talk to him coherently that way.Im sorry. He sounded sincere. Im being very rude, I know. But its better this way, really.I opened my eyes. His face was very serious.I dont know what you mean, I said, my voice guarded.Its better if were not friends, he explained. Trust me.My eyes narrowed. Id heard that before.Its too bad you didnt figure that out earlier, I hissed through my teeth. You could have saved yourself all this regret.Regret? The word, and my tone, obviously caught him off guard. Regret for what?For not just letting that stupid van squish me.He was astonished. He stared at me in disbelief.When he finally spoke, he almost sounded mad. You think I regret saving your life?I know you do, I snapped.You dont know anything. He was definitely mad.I turned my head sharply away from him, clenching my jaw against all the wild accusations I wanted to hurl at him. I gathered my books together, then stood and walked to the door. I meant to sweep dramatically out of the room, but of course I caught the toe of my boot on the door jamb and dropped my books. I stood there for a moment, thinking about leaving them. Then I sighed and bent to pick them up. He was there hed already stacked them into a pile. He handed them to me, his face hard.Thank you, I said icily.His eyes narrowed.Youre welcome, he retorted.I straightened up swiftly, turned away from him again, and stalked off to Gym without looking back.Gym was brutal. Wed moved on to basketball. My group never passed me the ball, so that was good, but I fell down a lot. Sometimes I took people with me. Today I was worse than usual because my head was so filled with Edward. I tried to concentrate on my feet, but he kept creeping back into my musical themes just wh en I really needed my balance.It was a relief, as always, to leave. I almost ran to the truck there were just so numerous people I wanted to avoid. The truck had suffered only minimal damage in the accident. Id had to replace the taillights, and if Id had a real paint job, I would have touched that up. Tylers parents had to sell their van for parts.I almost had a stab when I rounded the corner and saw a tall, dark figure leaning against the side of my truck. Then I realized it was just Eric. I started paseo again.Hey, Eric, I called.Hi, Bella.Whats up? I said as I was unlocking the door. I wasnt give birthing attention to the uncomfortable edge in his voice, so his next spoken communication took me by surprise.Uh, I was just wondering if you would go to the spring dance with me? His voice broke on the last word.I thought it was girls choice, I said, too startled to be diplomatic.Well, yeah, he admitted, shamefaced.I recovered my composure and tried to make my smile warm. Thank you for asking me, but Im going to be in Seattle that day.Oh, he said. Well, maybe next time.Sure, I agreed, and then bit my lip. I wouldnt want him to gather in that too literally.He slouched off, back toward the school. I heard a low chuckle.Edward was walking past the front of my truck, looking straight forward, his lips pressed together. I yanked the door open and jumped inside, slamming it loudly behind me. I revved the engine deafeningly and transposed out into the aisle. Edward was in his car already, two spaces down, sliding out smoothly in front of me, cutting me off. He stopped there to wait for his family I could see the four of them walking this way, but still by the cafeteria. I considered taking out the rear of his shiny Volvo, but there were too many witnesses. I looked in my rearview mirror. A line was beginning to form. Directly behind me, Tyler Crowley was in his recently acquired used Sentra, waving. I was too aggravated to acknowledge him. season I was sitting there, looking everywhere but at the car in front of me, I heard a knock on my passenger side window. I looked over it was Tyler. I glanced back in my rearview mirror, confused. His car was still running, the door left open. I leaned across the cab to crank the window down. It was stiff. I got it halfway down, then gave up. Im sorry, Tyler, Im stuck behind Cullen. I was annoyed obviously the holdup wasnt my fault.Oh, I know I just wanted to ask you something firearm were trapped here. He grinned.This could not be happening.Will you ask me to the spring dance? he continued.Im not going to be in town, Tyler. My voice sounded a little sharp. I had to remember it wasnt his fault that Mike and Eric had already used up my quota of patience for the day.Yeah, Mike said that, he admitted.Then why -He shrugged. I was hoping you were just letting him down easy.Okay, it was completely his fault.Sorry, Tyler, I said, working to hide my irritation. I really am going out of town.Thats cool. We still have prom.And before I could respond, he was walking back to his car. I could feel the shock on my face. I looked forward to see Alice, Rosalie, Emmett, and Jasper all sliding into the Volvo. In his rearview mirror, Edwards eyes were on me. He was unquestionably shaking with laughter, as if hed heard every word Tyler had said. My foot itched toward the muck up pedal one little setback wouldnt hurt any of them, just that glossy silver paint job. I revved the engine.But they were all in, and Edward was speeding away. I drove home slowly, carefully, muttering to myself the full way.When I got home, I decided to make chicken enchiladas for dinner. It was a long process, and it would keep me busy. While I was simmering the onions and chilies, the phone rang. I was almost afraid to answer it, but it might be Charlie or my mom.It was Jessica, and she was jubilant Mike had caught her after school to accept her invitation. I celebrated with her briefly while I stirred. She had to go, she wanted to call Angela and Lauren to tell them. I suggested with casual innocence that maybe Angela, the shy girl who had Biologywith me, could ask Eric. And Lauren, a standoffish girl who had always ignored me at the lunch table, could ask Tyler Id heard he was still available. Jess thought that was a great idea. Now that she was sure of Mike, she actually sounded sincere when she said she wished I would go to the dance. I gave her my Seattle excuse.After I hung up, I tried to concentrate on dinner dicing the chicken especially I didnt want to take another trip to the emergency room. But my head was spinning, trying to analyze every word Edward had spoken today. What did he mean, it was better if we werent friends?My stomach twisted as I realized what he must have meant. He must see how absorbed I was by him he must not want to lead me on so we couldnt even be friends because he wasnt interested in me at all.Of course he wasnt interested in me, I thought angrily, my eyes stinging a delayed reaction to the onions. I wasnt interesting. And he was. Interesting and brilliant and mysterious and perfect and beautiful and possibly able to dress up full-sized vans with one hand.Well, that was fine. I could leave him alone. I would leave him alone. I would get through my self-imposed sentence here in purgatory, and then hopefully some school in the Southwest, or possibly Hawaii, would offer me a scholarship. I focused my thoughts on sunny beaches and palm trees as I finished the enchiladas and put them in the oven.Charlie seemed suspicious when he came home and smelled the green peppers. I couldnt blame him the closest edible Mexi earth-closet food was probably in southern California. But he was a cop, even if just a small-town cop, so he was brave enough to take the first bite. He seemed to like it. It was fun to watch as he slowly began trusting me in the kitchen.Dad? I asked when he was almost done.Yeah, Bella?Um, I just wanted to let you know that Im going to Seattle for the day a week from Saturday if thats okay? I didnt want to ask permission it set a bad precedent but I matt-up rude, so I tacked it on at the end.Why? He sounded surprised, as if he were unable to imagine something that Forks couldnt offer.Well, I wanted to get few books the subroutine library here is pretty limited and maybe look at some clothes. I had more money than I was used to having, since, thanks to Charlie, I hadnt had to pay for a car. Not that the truck didnt cost me quite a bit in the gas department.That truck probably doesnt get very good gas mileage, he said, echoing my thoughts.I know, Ill stop in Montesano and Olympia and Tacoma if I have to.Are you going all by yourself? he asked, and I couldnt tell if he was suspicious I had a secret boyfriend or just worried about car trouble.Yes.Seattle is a big city you could get lost, he fretted.Dad, Phoenix is five times the size of Seattle and I can read a map, dont worry about it.Do you want me to come with you?I tried to be crafty as I hid my horror.Thats all right, Dad, Ill probably just be in dressing rooms all day very boring.Oh, okay. The thought of sitting in womens clothing stores for anyperiod of time immediately put him off.Thanks. I smiled at him.Will you be back in time for the dance?Grrr. Only in a town this small would a father know when the high school dances were.No I dont dance, Dad. He, of all people, should understand that I didnt get my balance problems from my mother.He did understand. Oh, thats right, he realized.The next morning, when I pulled into the parking lot, I deliberately parked as far as possible from the silver Volvo. I didnt want to put myself in the path of too much temptation and end up owing him a new car. Getting out of the cab, I fumbled with my key and it fell into a puddle at my feet. As I bent to get it, a white hand flashed out and grabbed it before I could. I jerked upright. Edward Cullen was right next to me, leaning casually against my truck.How do you do that? I asked in amazed irritation.Do what? He held my key out as he spoke. As I reached for it, he dropped it into my palm.Appear out of thin air.Bella, its not my fault if you are exceptionally unobservant. His voice was quiet as usual velvet, muted.I scowled at his perfect face. His eyes were light again today, a deep, golden honey color. Then I had to look down, to reassemble my now-tangled thoughts.Why the traffic jam last night? I demanded, still looking away. I thought you were supposed to be pretending I dont exist, not irritating me to stopping point.That was for Tylers sake, not mine. I had to give him his chance. He snickered.You I gasped. I couldnt think of a bad enough word. It felt like the heat of my anger should physically burn him, but he only seemed more amused.And Im not pretending you dont exist, he continued.So you are trying to irritate me to death? Since Tylers van didnt do the job?Anger flashed in his tawny eyes. His lips pre ssed into a hard line, all signs of humor gone.Bella, you are utterly absurd, he said, his low voice cold.My palms tingled I wanted so badly to hit something. I was surprised at myself. I was usually a nonviolent person. I turned my back and started to walk away.Wait, he called. I kept walking, sloshing angrily through the rain. But he was next to me, easily keeping pace.Im sorry, that was rude, he said as we walked. I ignored him. Im not saying it isnt true, he continued, but it was rude to say it, anyway.Why wont you leave me alone? I grumbled.I wanted to ask you something, but you sidetracked me, he chuckled. He seemed to have recovered his good humor.Do you have a multiple personality disorder? I asked severely.Youre doing it again.I sighed. elegant then. What do you want to ask?I was wondering if, a week from Saturday you know, the day of the spring dance -Are you trying to be funny? I interrupted him, wheeling toward him. My face got drenched as I looked up at his expressio n.His eyes were wickedly amused. Will you please allow me to finish?I bit my lip and clasped my hands together, interlocking my fingers, so I couldnt do anything rash.I heard you say you were going to Seattle that day, and I was wondering if you wanted a ride.That was unexpected.What? I wasnt sure what he was getting at.Do you want a ride to Seattle?With who? I asked, mystified.Myself, obviously. He enunciated every syllable, as if he were talking to someone mentally handicapped.I was still stunned. Why?Well, I was planning to go to Seattle in the next few weeks, and, to be honest, Im not sure if your truck can make it.My truck works just fine, thank you very much for your concern. I started to walk again, but I was too surprised to maintain the same level of anger.But can your truck make it there on one tank of gas? He matched my pace again.I dont see how that is any of your business. Stupid, shiny Volvo owner.The wasting of finite resources is everyones business.Honestly, Edward. I felt a thrill go through me as I said his name, and I hated it. I cant keep up with you. I thought you didnt want to be my friend.I said it would be better if we werent friends, not that I didnt want to be.Oh, thanks, now thats all cleared up. Heavy sarcasm. I realized I had stopped walking again. We were under the shelter of the cafeteria roof now, so I could more easily look at his face. Which certainly didnt help my clarity of thought.It would be more prudent for you not to be my friend, he explained. But Im tired of trying to stay away from you, Bella.His eyes were gloriously intense as he uttered that last sentence, his voice smoldering. I couldnt remember how to breathe.Will you go with me to Seattle? he asked, still intense.I couldnt speak yet, so I just nodded.He smiled briefly, and then his face became serious.You really should stay away from me, he warned. Ill see you in class.He turned abruptly and walked back the way wed come.

Medicaid

Check Point Summarizing the Medigap Program Write a 250-300 word abstract reflecting on the Medigap program address the following in your summary What are the core benefits in the Medigap insurance program? How well does the program meet coverage needs of its consumers? Is the cost of each plan fair considering the benefits and limits offered by each plan? Explain your opinion and provide examples What are the implications of having a private company associated with a government insurance program?Medigap is a supplemental health insurance policy, designed to cover what Medicare doesnt cover. In order to be eligible for the Medigap program singulars must have either Medicare severalise A or B and will be required to pay the premiums. There are 12 supplemental insurance policies that will pay for health operate that Medicare does not cover in their original policy. All 12 plans are required to have certain basic health services.The core benefits for participants in Medicare Part A are daily coinsurance for 61 to 90 days of hospitalization daily coinsurance for each of Medicares lifetime inpatient hospital days and speed of light percent of covered hospital charges for 365 days after all Medicare hospital benefits have been used. Medicare Part B the core charges are coinsurance amount after the allowable and the first 3 pints of blood for the year. Each plane extends a different benefit targeted at filling the gaps in Medicare coverage. Private health insurance companies transfer Medigap insurance but they must follow federal and state laws.Medigap will cover deductibles, coinsurance and other services not covered by Medicare. Medigap plans are for the soulfulness and what they personally want so to keep premiums down shop around and compare, there might be discounts for women, nonsmokers, medical underwriting, and deductibles. Medigap offers a variety of plans that are ready(prenominal) to choose from and give the consumer a package that will fit their health needs. The health plans are fair compared to other insurance companies. It just depends on what the individual wants to cover and their current health needs at that time.

Medal of Honor

When President Ronald Reagan presented Roy Perez Benavidez with his Medal of Honor in 1981, the President told the media that if someone had written a fictional taradiddle with a hero like Benavidez, nobody would have believed it. And, in fact, in his autobiography Medal of Honor One Mans Journey from Poverty and Prejudice, the story Benavidez tells is the stuff that movies are made of. Benavidez was an orphan in south Texas, a half-breed Indian and Hispanic in an era when neither was acceptable.He dropped out of schooling before even making it to high school, but as a staff sergeant in the Army during the conflict in Vietnam he salvage eight other men and prevented classified documents from falling into the hands of the enemy. (Vietnam War Medal of Honor Recipient) In essence, Benavidez is a true American victor story. He was born to migrant farm workers and received the highest commendation that the United States offers for bravery in conflict. However, it may have been Benavide z never say die mental attitude that did more to establish his positive contributions to American society than his war record.As the medevac chopper landed the wounded were examined one by one. Staff Sergeant Benavidez could plainly hear what was going on around him. He had over thirty seven puncture wounds. His intestines were exposed. He could not see as his eyes were caked in blood and unable to open. Neither could he speak, his jaw broken, clubbed by a North Vietnamese rifle. But he knew what was happening, and it was the scariest moment of his life, even more so than the earlier events of the daytime. He lay in a body bag, bathed in his own blood. Jerry Cottingham, a friend screamed Thats Benavidez. Get a doc.When the doctor arrived he placed his hand on Roys chest to feel for a heartbeat. He pronounced him dead. The physician shook his head. Theres nothing I can do for him. As the doctor bent over to zip up the body bag. Benavidez did the only thing he could think of to le t the doctor know that he was alive. He spit in the doctors face. The surprised doctor reversed Roys condition from dead to He wont make it, but well try. (Rouse) These were the wounds that Benavidez received the day he maintain eight men and won a Medal of Honor, but the reality is this was not the first time he had been gravely wounded in Vietnam.Four historic period earlier, in 1964, Benavidez was hit with shrapnel from a land mind and doctors said he would not recover. They said he would never walk again. They were wrong. In an exerpt from his book, Benavidez explains, Night subsequently night, I bailed out of bed, crawled for the wall at the head of my bed and pulled myself up. I pushed the nightstands ahead with my ordnance store, pressed my feet against the cold tile floor, and dragged my dead body along until my arms were under me again. Then Id start all over again. Finally, I was moving about two tiles at a time. . .I had learned that if I got knocked down, I had to r ecover up and keep fighting until I knocked my opponent down, and he didnt get up. Every night I got knocked down. Every night I got back up again. . . The pain was like nothing I could have ever dreamed about. Every night it would suck the sweat and tears from my body and my soul. Every day I would go back to that little chapel and sit alone and restore my soul. I went through all the stages of blaming God, accusing, doubting, and arguing, but he never broken-down me. Hed never let me leave that chapel until I was ready to try again.After chapel, I went to physical therapy to try to restore the rest of my body for my nightly battle. In therapy Id sit with the guys with no legs, or the true paraplegics, and learn how to live in the chair. I was not a good student. I wouldnt give in to the chair. At night I was beginning to win my battle, and I wasnt going to let the therapists convince me that it was a lost cause. (Vietnam Medal of Honor) That strength of spirit is perhaps the mos t lasting contribution Benavidez made to his country. Years later, as he lay dying, Benavidez had the same attitude.With two pieces of shrapnel still in his heart and a collapsed lung and diabetes, he reportedly said quitters never win and winners never quit, in his last interview, saying that he wanted to recover so he could continue working as a motivational speaker. (Mishalov) Another of Benavidezs lasting contributions to the country came in the form of his activism after winning the Medal of Honor. During the Reagan Administration, Social Security act to cut his disability benefits, saying that the disabled war hero should find work.Though he regretted using his Medal for political purposes, he wore it as he testified to a Congressional committee regarding the unfairness of their Social Security budget cuts (Mishalov). Benavidezs contribution are numerous, based mostly around his attitude of try, try again. He has an elementary school named for him and the U. S. Navy named a ship in his honor, a rare occurrence for the Navy to honor a member of another classify of the service. But Benavidez set all the honors and praise aside, saying that he did not consider himself a hero for his actions the day he won the Medal of Honor.The heroes, he said, were the men who lost their lives for their country. His actions were simply his duty. (Mishalov). Benavidez died of diabetes-related complications in November, 1998. Works Cited Mishalov, Neil. Medal of Honor Roy P. Benavidez June 14, 2007. Rouse, Ed. Roy P. Benavidez , June 14, 2007. Vietnam War Medal of Honor Recipient http//www. medalofhonor. com/RoyBenavidez. htm, June 14, 2007.

Ethnography

AN ETHNOGRAPHY When used as a method, descriptive anthropology typically refers to fieldwork (alternatively, role player- poster) conducted by a hotshot investigator who lives with and lives like those who argon studied, usually for a year or more. John Van Maanen, 1996. Ethnography literally means a portrait of a people. An ethnography is a written description of a particular stopping point the customs, beliefs, and behavior based on selective information stash away by fieldwork. Marvin Harris and Orna Johnson, 2000. Ethnography is the art and intelligence of describing a group or culture.The description may be of a diminished tribal group in an exotic land or a classroom in middle-class suburbia. David M. Fetterman, 1998. Ethnography is a social erudition research method. It relies heavily on up-close, ain experience and possible participation, not bonnie observation, by researchers trained in the art of ethnography. These ethnographers often work in multidiscipli nary teams. The ethnographic focal point may take intensive language and culture learning, intensive study of a single field or domain, and a blend of historical, observational, and interview methods.Typical ethnographic research employs three kinds of info aggregation interviews, observation, and documents. This in turn produces three kinds of data quotations, descriptions, and excerpts of documents, resulting in adept product narrative description. This narrative often allows charts, diagrams and additional artifacts that help to tell the story (Hammersley, 1990). Ethnographic methods dis transmit give shape to new constructs or paradigms, and new variables, for further empirical testing in the field or through traditional, quantitative social science methods. Ethnography has it roots planted in the fields of anthropology and sociology.Present-day practitioners conduct ethnographies in organizations and communities of all kinds. Ethnographers study schooling, public health, rural and urban development, consumers and consumer goods, each human atomic number 18na. succession particularly suited to exploratory research, ethnography draws on a wide range of both qualitative and quantitative methodologies, moving from learning to testing (Agar, 1996) piece of music research problems, perspectives, and theories emerge and shift. Ethnographic methods are a means of tapping local points of view, households and community funds of nowledge (Moll & Greenberg, 1990), a means of identifying significant categories of human experience up close and personal. Ethnography enhances and widens top d hold views and enriches the inquiry process, taps both bottom-up insights and perspectives of powerful policy- confiners at the top, and generates new analytic insights by engaging in interactive, team exploration of often subtle arenas of human difference and similarity. Through such alineings ethnographers may inform others of their findings with an attempt to derive, for example, policy decisions or instructional innovations from such an summary.VARIATIONS IN OBSERVATIONAL METHODS Observational research is not a single thing. The decision to employ field methods in gathering informational data is only the foremost step in a decision process that involves a large number of options and possibilities. Making the choice to employ field methods involves a commitment to subscribe close to the subject cosmos observed in its natural stage setting, to be factual and descriptive in reporting what is observed, and to find out the points of view of participants in the domain observed.Once these fundamental commitments have been made, it is necessary to make additional decisions some which particular observational approaches are entrance for the research place at hand. VARIATIONS IN OBSERVER INVOLVEMENT PARTICIPANT OR ONLOOKER? The first and most fundamental distinction among observational strategies concerns the extent to which the reviewer is a like a participant in the program activities being studied. This is not really a simple choice between participation and nonparticipation.The extent of participation is a continuum which varies from complete absorption in the program as full participant to complete separation from the activities observed, taking on a role as spectator thither is a great deal of variation along the continuum between these two extremes. Participant observation is an omnibus field strategy in that it simultaneously combines document analysis, interviewing of respondents and informants, influence participation and observation, and introspection. In participant observation the researcher shares as intimately as possible in the life and activities of the people in the observed setting.The role of such participation is to develop an insiders view of what is happening. This means that the researcher not only detects what is happening but feels what it is like to be part of the group. Experiencing an env ironment as an insider is what necessitates the participant part of participant observation. At the same time, however, there is clearly an observer side to this process. The challenge is to combine participation and observation so as to become capable of redeing the experience as an insider while describing the experience for outsiders.The extent to which it is possible for a researcher to become a full participant in an experience lead depend partly on the nature of the setting being observed. For example, in human service and education programs that serve children, it is not possible for the researcher to become a student and therefore experience the setting as a child it may be possible, however, for the research observer to participate as a volunteer, parent, or staff person in such a setting and thereby develop the perspective of an insider in one of these adult roles.It should be said, though, that some(prenominal) ethnographers do not believe that understanding requires t hat they become full members of the group(s) being studied. Indeed, many believe that this essential not get along if a valid and useful account is to be produced. These researchers believe the ethnographer must try to be both outsider and insider, staying on the margins of the group both socially and intellectually. This is because what is required is both an outside and an inside view.For this reason it is whatsoevertimes empha surfaced that, besides seeking to understand, the ethnographer must also try to see well- kip downn(prenominal) settings as anthropologically strange, as they would be seen by someone from other society, adopting what we might call the Martian perspective. METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES Following are three methodological principles that are used to provide the rationale for the specific features of the ethnographic method.They are also the basis for practically of the criticism of quantitative research for failing to captivate the true nature of human soc ial behavior because it relies on the study of artificial settings and/or on what people say rather than what they do because it seeks to tighten meanings to what is observable and because it reifies social phenomena by treating them as more clearly defined and static than they are, and as mechanical products of social and psychological factors (M. Hammersley, 1990). The three principles can be summarized under the headings of reality, understanding and disc everyplacey 1.Naturalism. This is the view that the aim of social research is to capture the character of naturally occurring human behavior, and that this can only be achieved by first-hand contact with it, not by inferences from what people do in artificial settings like experiments or from what they say in interviews about what they do elsewhere. This is the reason that ethnographers unfold out their research in natural settings, settings that exist independently of the research process, rather than in those set up specifi cally for the resolves of research.Another important implication of naturalism is that in studying natural settings the researcher should seek to minimize her or his effects on the behavior of the people being studied. The aim of this is to increase the chances that what is spy in the setting will be generalizable to other similar settings that have not been researched. Finally, the notion of naturalism implies that social events and processes must be explained in call of their relationship to the context in which they occur. 2.Understanding. Central here is the argument that human actions differ from the behavior of physical objects, and even from that of other animals they do not lie down simply of fixed responses or even of learned responses to stimuli, but involve definition of stimuli and the construction of responses. Sometimes this argument reflects a complete rejection of the concept of reason as inapplicable to the social world, and an insistence on the freely constru cted character of human actions and institutions.Others argue that causal relations are to be found in the social world, but that they differ from the mechanical causality typical of physical phenomena. From this point of view, if we are to be able to explain human actions effectively we must gain an understanding of the cultural perspectives on which they are based. That this is necessary is obvious when we are studying a society that is alien to us, since we shall find much of what we see and hear puzzling. However, ethnographers argue that it is just as important when we are studying more familiar settings.Indeed, when a setting is familiar the danger of misunderstanding is specially great. It is argued that we cannot assume that we already know others perspectives, even in our own society, because particular groups and individuals develop distinctive worldviews. This is especially true in large complex societies. Ethnic, occupational, and small informal groups (even individual families or school classes) develop distinctive ship canal of orienting to the world that may need to be understood if their behavior is to be explained.Ethnographers argue, then, that it is necessary to learn the culture of the group one is studying before one can produce valid explanations for the behavior of its members. This is the reason for the centrality of participant observation and unstructured interviewing to ethnographic method. 3. Discovery. Another feature of ethnographic thinking is a conception of the research process as inductive or discovery-based rather than as being limited to the testing of explicit hypotheses.It is argued that if one approaches a phenomenon with a set of hypotheses one may fail to discover the true nature of that phenomenon, being blinded by the assumptions built into the hypotheses. Rather, they have a general interest in some types of social phenomena and/or in some theoretical discern or practical problem. The focus of the research is narro wed and sharpened, and perhaps even changed substantially, as it proceeds. Similarly, and in parallel, theoretical ideas that frame descriptions and explanations of what is observed are developed over the course of the research.Such ideas are regarded as a valuable outcome of, not a precondition for, research. ETHNOGRAPHY AS METHOD In terms of method, generally speaking, the term ethnography refers to social research that has most of the following features (M. Hammersley, 1990). (a) Peoples behavior is studied in everyday contexts, rather than under experimental conditions created by the researcher. (b) entropy are gathered from a range of sources, but observation and/or relatively informal conversations are usually the main ones. c) The approach to data collection is unstructured in the sense that it does not involve following through a elaborateed plan set up at the beginning nor are the categories used for interpreting what people say and do pre-given or fixed. This does not m ean that the research is unsystematic simply that initially the data are collected in as raw a form, and on as wide a front, as feasible. (d) The focus is usually a single setting or group, of relatively small scale. In life history research the focus may even be a single individual. (e) The analysis of the data involves interpretation of the eanings and functions of human actions and mainly takes the form of verbal descriptions and explanations, with quantification and statistical analysis playing a subordinate role at most. As a set of methods, ethnography is not far removed from the sort of approach that we all use in everyday life to make sense of our surroundings. It is slight specialized and less technically sophisticated than approaches like the experiment or the social survey though all social research methods have their historical origins in the ways in which human beings gain information about their world in everyday life. thick GUIDELINES FOR FIELDWORK It is difficult, i f not impossible, to provide a precise set of rules and procedures for conducting fieldwork. What you do depends on the situation, the occasion of the study, the nature of the setting, and the skills, interests, needs, and point of view of the observer. Following are some generic guidelines for conducting fieldwork 1. Be descriptive in taking field notes. 2. Gather a variety of information from polar perspectives. 3. Cross-validate and triangulate by gathering different kinds of data.Example observations, interviews, program documentation, recordings, and photographs. 4. Use quotations represent program participants in their own terms. Capture participants views of their own experiences in their own words. 5. Select key informants wisely and use them carefully. Draw on the wisdom of their informed perspectives, but keep in mind that their perspectives are limited. 6. Be aware of and sensitive to the different stages of fieldwork. (a) Build trust and rapport at the entry stage. Rem ember that the researcher-observer is also being observed and evaluated. b) Stay brisk and disciplined during the more routine middle-phase of fieldwork. (c) Focus on pulling together a useful synthesis as fieldwork draws to a close. (d) Be disciplined and careful in taking detailed field notes at all stages of fieldwork. (e) Be as involved as possible in experiencing the observed setting as fully as possible while maintaining an analytical perspective grounded in the purpose of the fieldwork to conduct research. (f) Clearly separate description from interpretation and judgment. (g) Provide plastic feedback as part of the verification process of fieldwork.Time that feedback carefully. Observe its impact. (h) Include in your field notes and observations reports of your own experiences, thoughts, and feelings. These are also field data. Fieldwork is a highly personal experience. The meshing of fieldwork procedures with individual capabilities and situational variation is what makes fieldwork a highly personal experience. The validity and meaningfulness of the results obtained depend directly on the observers skill, discipline, and perspective. This is both the strength and weakness of observational methods. SUMMARY GUIDELINES FOR INTERVIEWINGThere is no one right way of interviewing, no single correct format that is appropriate for all situations, and no single way of wording questions that will always work. The particular evaluation situation, the needs of the interviewee, and the personal style of the interviewer all come together to create a unique situation for each interview. in that lie the challenges of depth interviewing situational responsiveness and sensitivity to get the best data possible. There is no recipe for effective interviewing, but there are some useful guidelines that can be considered.These guidelines are summarized below (Patton, 1987). 1. Throughout all phases of interviewing, from planning through data collection to analysis, keep cen tered on the purpose of the research endeavor. Let that purpose guide the interviewing process. 2. The fundamental principle of qualitative interviewing is to provide a framework within which respondents can express their own understandings in their own terms. 3. Understand the strengths and weaknesses of different types of interviews the informal conversational interview the interview guide approach and the standardized unrestricted interview. . Select the type of interview (or crew of types) that is most appropriate to the purposes of the research effort. 5. Understand the different kinds of information one can collect through interviews behavioral data opinions feelings knowledge sensory data and background information. 6. Think about and plan how these different kinds of questions can be most appropriately sequenced for each interview topic, including past, present, and future questions. 7. Ask truly open-ended questions. 8. Ask clear questions, using understandable and approp riate language. . Ask one question at a time. 10. Use probes and follow-up questions to solicit depth and detail. 11. authorize clearly what information is desired, why that information is important, and let the interviewee know how the interview is progressing. 12. Listen attentively and respond appropriately to let the person know he or she is being heard. 13. Avoid leading questions. 14. Understand the difference between a depth interview and an interrogation. Qualitative evaluators conduct depth interviews police investigators and measure auditors conduct interrogations. 5. Establish personal rapport and a sense of mutual interest. 16. Maintain neutrality toward the specific content of responses. You are there to collect information not to make judgments about that person. 17. Observe while interviewing. Be aware of and sensitive to how the person is affected by and responds to different questions. 18. Maintain control of the interview. 19. mag tape record whenever possible t o capture full and exact quotations for analysis and reporting. 20. Take notes to capture and highlight major points as the interview progresses. 1. As soon as possible after the interview check the recording for malfunctions review notes for clarity elaborate where necessary and record observations. 22. Take whatever steps are appropriate and necessary to gather valid and reliable information. 23. Treat the person being interviewed with respect. Keep in mind that it is a privilege and responsibility to peer into another persons experience. 24. Practice interviewing. Develop your skills. 25. Enjoy interviewing. Take the time along the way to stop and hear the roses. SITE DOCUMENTSIn addition to participant observation and interviews, ethnographers may also make use of various documents in answering guiding questions. When available, these documents can add additional insight or information to projects. Because ethnographic attention has been and continues to be focused on both liter ate and non-literate peoples, not all research projects will have site documents available. It is also possible that even research among a literate group will not have relevant site documents to consider this could vary depending on the focus of the research.Thinking carefully about your participants and how they function and request questions of your informants helps to decide what kinds of documents might be available. Possible documents include budgets, advertisements, work descriptions, annual reports, memos, school records, correspondence, informational brochures, instruction materials, newsletters, websites, recruitment or orientation packets, contracts, records of court proceedings, posters, minutes of meetings, menus, and many other kinds of written items.For example, an ethnographer studying how limited-English proficient elementary school students learn to acquire English in a classroom setting might ask to collect such things as the state or school mandated Bilingual/ES L curriculum for students in the school(s) where he or she does research, and examples of student work. Local school budget allocations to language nonage education, specific teachers lesson plans, and copies of age-appropriate ESL textbooks could also be relevant.It might also be useful to try finding subgroups of professional educators organizations which focus on teaching elementary school language arts and join their listservs, attend their meetings, or get copies of their newsletters. Review cumulative student records and school district policies for language minority education. All of these things could greatly enrich the participant observation and the interviews that an ethnographer does. Privacy or copyright issues may apply to the documents gathered, so it is important to inquire about this when you find or are given documents.If you are given permission to include what you learn from these documents in your final exam paper, the documents should be cited appropriately and include in the bibliography of the final paper. If you are not given permission, do not use them in any way. ETHICS IN ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH Since ethnographic research takes place among real human beings, there are a number of special ethical concerns to be aware of before beginning. In a nutshell, researchers must make their research goals clear to the members of the community where they undertake their research and gain the informed consent of their consultants to the research beforehand.It is also important to learn whether the group would prefer to be named in the written report of the research or given a pseudonym and to offer the results of the research if informants would like to read it. Most of all, researchers must be sure that the research does not harm or exploit those among whom the research is done. ANALYZING, INTERPRETING AND REPORTING FINDINGS Remember that the researcher is the detective looking for trends and patterns that occur across the various groups or with in individuals (Krueger, 1994).The process of analysis and interpretation involve disciplined examination, creative insight, and careful attention to the purposes of the research study. Analysis and interpretation are conceptually separate processes. The analysis process begins with assembling the raw materials and getting an overview or total picture of the entire process. The researchers role in analysis covers a continuum with assembly of raw data on one extreme and interpretative comments on the other. Analysis is the process of bringing order to the data, organizing what is there into patterns, categories, and basic descriptive units.The analysis process involves consideration of words, tone, context, non-verbals, internal consistency, frequency, extensiveness, intensity, specificity of responses and big ideas. Data reduction strategies are essential in the analysis (Krueger, 1994). Interpretation involves attaching meaning and significance to the analysis, explaining descripti ve patterns, and looking for relationships and linkages among descriptive dimensions. Once these processes have been completed the researcher must report his or her interpretations and conclusions QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTIONReports based on qualitative methods will include a great deal of pure description of the program and/or the experiences of people in the research environment. The purpose of this description is to let the reader know what happened in the environment under observation, what it was like from the participants point of view to be in the setting, and what particular events or activities in the setting were like. In reading through field notes and interviews the researcher begins to look for those parts of the data that will be polished for presentation as pure description in the research report.What is included by way of description will depend on what questions the researcher is attempting to answer. Often an entire action at law will be reported in detail and depth be cause it represents a typical experience. These descriptions are written in narrative form to provide a holistic picture of what has happened in the reported activity or event. REPORTING FINDINGS The actual content and format of a qualitative report will depend on the information needs of primary stakeholders and the purpose of the research. Even a comprehensive report will have to omit a great deal of the data collected by the researcher.Focus is essential. Analysts who try to include everything risk losing their readers in the sheer volume of the presentation. This process has been referred to as the agony of omitting. The agony of omitting on the part of the researcher is matched only by the readers agony in having to read those things that were not omitted, but should have been. BALANCE BETWEEN DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS In considering what to omit, a decision has to be made about how much description to include. Detailed description and in-depth quotations are the essential quali ties of qualitative accounts.Sufficient description and direct quotations should be included to allow readers to understand fully the research setting and the thoughts of the people represented in the narrative. Description should stop short, however, of becoming trivial and mundane. The reader does not have to know absolutely everything that was done or said. once more the problem of focus arises. Description is balanced by analysis and interpretation. Endless description becomes its own muddle. The purpose of analysis is to organize the description in a way that makes it manageable. Description is balanced by analysis and leads into interpretation.An interesting and readable final account provides sufficient description to allow the reader to understand the analysis and sufficient analysis to allow the reader to understand the interpretations and explanations presented. Try It Yourself Why do people see things differently? The importance of ethnographic research orchard apple tree Example Thomas Kuhn suggests that what people see depends on what previous visual and conceptual experience has taught them. This suggests that what we look at and what we see are two different things. Anthropologists Anne Campbell of Washington State University and Patricia C.Rice of West Virginia University give an excellent example of how what we look at and what we see can be different things, depending on who perceives a situation or thing. Try this * gather two to three people and mentally place an apple on a table in front of the group. * Without any prior discussion, each group member should take a moment to individually write down what it is he or she sees. * After a a few(prenominal) minutes, compare notes. What do you find? Did everyone see the same thing? What color was the apple? Are there specific colors given to the apple?What about the type of apple on the table, did anyone acknowledge if there was a difference between a golden delicious and a Macintosh? What about the size of the apple? Did anyone include size as a characteristic of the apple? What this example shows is that no two people see the same thing. We may understand what an apple is, but in terms of describing it and seeing it much of our sight comes from pervious visual-conceptual experiences. Someone knowledgeable in produce may know that there are many types of apples, just as someone interested in quantities of food may take note of the size of the apple.

Diamond International Co-Corporation Essay

I. Executive SummaryDiamond internationalistic Corporation (DIC) is one of the leading suppliers in the country. It is a trading club that imports thermoplastic (PVC) pipes, values and fittings. By 1990, the social club has already grown to more than 50 employees. The company has identified its three study(ip) trade areas projects and major accounts, branches and dealership. It is also the major competitor in selling senior high-precision screws and bearings needed by the semicon industryII. guide on of View (POV)President of the Diamond International CorporationIII. Time ContextAround the time when the company placed Mr. Robert Cruz being in-charge of the over-all shop operation of the ABC Steel Company and was appointed as the pertly shop manager. The same time when the companys toil backlog has r for each oneed its proportions that will lead to the lame of businesses with other companies. From the point of view of the new shop manager, the company may go bankrupt in five months time if the company keeps paying penalties.IV. Statement of the ProblemTo determine present and afterlife men requirements of the organization in coordination with planning and job analysis activities.V. Objectives1.To address the fair and justifiable hiring and selection of the future employees of the company.2.To improve the working behavior of the employees and increase coordination in every aspect of their work.VI. Areas of ConsiderationBy 1990, the company has already grown to more than 50 employees. It is now one of the leading suppliers in the country. It imports thermoplastic (PVC) pipes, valves and fittings. DICs main clientele is the semiconductor industry. It included Splash Island in Laguna as one of its major projects. It has a standing inventory of Php 15m+ located at its warehouse in Las Pinas. DIC is also a major competitor in selling high-precision screws and bearings needed by the semicon industry. The sales from this area constitute 10 to 15 percent of t he companys profits.Opportunities1.The companys assurance of the maintenance of quality2.Improved productivityThreats1.Company backlogs2.Shortage of proficient manpowerVII. Assumption1.The organizational structure of the management creates discord in the good operations of the company. 2.No effective HR program is present to handle the companys manpower. 3.No harmony is present within the management, operations, production and logistics of the company.VIII. Alternative Courses of Action (ACA)1. Team Building designed for improving team performanceadvantagesa. encourage twain individual and team development and improvement. b. helps individual to focus on group goals to accomplish more adept tasks. c. helps individual in decision making process. d. helps each employees to appreciate their personal effectiveness and strengths.disadvantagesa. difficulty in assessing the performance of an individuals role in a team. b. coordination costs are very high (team building as a managemen t has to spend a lot of costs.)2. Monitor the performance of each employeeadvantagesa. targeted staff development good performance management system can be positive charge to identify developmental opportunities.b. rewards staff for a job well done.c.allows employees growthd. provide an opportunities to discuss issues and straighten out expectations with their managers.disadvantagesa. Time consumingb. Biases occur when it comes to performance evaluation that lead to difficulty in assessing ones work performance.IX. Conclusion and RecommendationsThe management should develop a just and fair hiring of their employees. They should follow the appropriate guidelines for the enlisting process so that they can hire the best candidates having the right potential for a particular position.X. see of Actiona. The HR Department should develop a new strategy that will help them to assess the work performance of each employees. b. Everyone should be aware of the recruitment process. Ensure all staff intricate with the recruitment and selection of staff are trained and aware of your recruitment policy and have the skills to condition its effective implementation.

Dairy Milk Chocolate

fair combination of milk cocoa and white chocolate. Giving consumers anexciting reason to keep coming back into the playfulness filled world of Cadbury. Our Journey Cadbury Dairy Milk has been the market leader in the chocolate kinsperson for years. Andhas dampicipated and been a part of every Indians moments of happiness, joy andcelebration. Today, Cadbury Dairy Milk alone holds 30% value partake in of the Indianchocolate market. In the earlier 90s, chocolates were seen as meant for frys, usu all in ally a re fightd or a bribe forchildren.In the middle 90s the family unit was re-defined by the very popular Real Taste ofLife campaign, shifting the focus from just for kids to the kid in all of us. It appealedto the child in every adult. And Cadbury Dairy Milk became the perfect expression ofspontaneity and sh atomic number 18 good feelings. The Real Taste of Life campaign had many memorable executions, which people stillfondly remember. However, the one with the girl terps ichore on the cricket field hasremained etched in everyones memory, as the most spontaneous un-inhibitedexpression of happiness.This campaign went on to be awarded The Campaign of the Century, in India at theAbby (Ad Club, Mumbai) awards. In the late 90s, to further expand the category, the focus shifted towards wideningchocolate expending amongst the masses, through the Khanewalon Ko Khane Ka37 Bahana Chahiye campaign. This campaign built social acceptance for chocolateconsumption amongst adults, by showcasing collective and shared moments. to a greater extent re cen durationly, the Kuch Meetha Ho Jaaye campaign associated Cadbury Dairy Milkwith celebratory occasions and the phrase Pappu Pass Ho Gaya became part of streetlanguage.It has been adopted by consumers and today is used extensively to express joyin a moment of achievement / success. The synergetic campaign for Pappu Pass Ho Gaya bagged a Bronze Lion at theprestigious Cannes Advertising feast 2006 for Best use of inter net and new media. The idea involved a tie-up with Reliance India meandering(a) service and allowed students tocheck their exam results using their mobile service and encouraged those who passedtheir examinations to celebrate with Cadbury Dairy Milk.The Pappu Pass Ho Gaya campaign also went on to win Silver for The Best IntegratedMarketing Campaign and Gold in the Consumer Products category at the EFFIES 2006(global benchmark for effective advertising campaigns) awards. During the 1st World War, Cadbury Dairy Milk supported the war effort. Over 2,000male employees joined the armed forces and Cadbury sent books, warm clothes andchocolates to the front. 38 Cadburys big Bytes Kuch meetha ho jaye uggests Cadbury India, its marque ambassador Amitabh Bachchansmiling down the hoardings lined along Mumbais Marine Drive right down to thecompanys corporate school principal office at Mahalakshmi. While the chocolate major is waitingfor Diwali to see a turnaround in its lay offter after th e worms controversy, at the momentits all about driving growth for the category, which has seen a celestial latitude since the firstquarter of this year. Being the market leader in chocolates with a 70 per cent share, the company hasattempted to stretch the boundaries at bottom chocolate confectionery.It has also beenadventurous in unleashing a brand new category within chocolate early this year. Introducing the concept of sweet snacking, it launched Cadbury Bytes in the south withthe positioning Snacking ka meetha funda. The product is a crunchy wafer pillow with achoco-cream centre and is be rolled out nationally. 39 Explaining the need to introduce this new category, Bharat Puri, Managing Director,Cadbury India, says, While we were sure of our core competencies, at that place was need forinnovation to deliver double-digit growth.What we found was that we were nether-represented in the area of snacking on the go and that at that place was a need for a light crunchysnack. Wh ile entry into salted snacks was ruled out, sweet snacks were the obviouschoice, and Bytes is unique to the chocolate majors Indian portfolio. Getting the right product and packaging was a challenge for the company. It has sub-contracted the product to get the volumes and is gathered for a national launch.Adds Puri,After all this was the first category anywhere in the world that Cadbury was entrance andwe did not have the expertise. So the best way was to test-market the product and todaywe find that it has already bagged five per cent of the chocolate market. The company has no apprehensions of cannibalization of its chocolate brands. It believesthat while its chocolates are more of indulgence products, Bytes is about snacking whenone is thirsty(p) and can be treated as a snack in between meals.The aim of this offer is to prize the marketing strategy of Cadburys Dairy Milk. To do this, I will need to gather study about the product I will ask a questionnaire which is a primary research method. because I will also gain some secondary research, this will be achieved by probing the internet for information and from a product information letter from Cadbury. I will investigate all aspects of Dairy milks marketing mix, these include product, price, promotion and place.After I have investigated these aspects I will analyse and evaluate my results from the Primary research. History of Dairy Milk and Cadbury Cadburys started as a one-man business, opened in 1824 by a Quaker, John Cadbury, in Bull Street Birmingham, was to be the foundation of Cadbury Limited, now one of the worlds largest chocolate producers. By 1831 the business had changed from a grocery shop and John Cadbury had become a manufacturer of inebriation chocolate and cocoa, the start of the Cadbury manufacturing business as it is known today.Dairy Milk is a brand of chocolate bar made by Cadburys popular in the United Kingdom and around the world. It was introduced in 1905. There are a number o f varieties including Fruit Nut and Whole Nut. And Fruit variety was available for a short time but was discontinued. In 2003 Cadburys made Dairy Milk into superbrand, bringing a number of different products under the Dairy Milk branding. For example Wispa bars were phased out and replaced by Dairy Milk with bubbles. As of 2004, there are ten varieties of Dairy Milk produced in the UK